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  • Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) and/or cosmetic replacement of the distal portion of a limb at the elbow articulation, in which the distal end of the humerus is preserved. These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices that include a socket at the proximal end, intended to fit around the humerus epicondyles, that helps to preserve arm rotation; the bulbous ends of the humeral condyles, if present, are used for suspension. The prosthesis includes a tubular device (i.e., forearm replacement) at the distal end that is, in turn, attached to a wrist prosthesis and to a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook). Disarticulation elbow prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs), electrically powered (e.g., using motors and switches), or triggered by the electrical signals produced by muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric). The prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents.
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