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Shoulder prostheses operated by electric power and designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the shoulder of a completely missing limb (i.e., amputated above the shoulder articulation). These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end; they can be anchored directly to the scapula at the articulation point. Electrically powered shoulder component prostheses incorporate small electrical motors and manual electrical switches to control the shoulder and/or terminal prosthesis movements. They are typically used in combination with other upper limb distal components (e.g., elbow, wrist, hand) as total upper limb prostheses in patients who suffered amputations due to traumatic accidents or illness, or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities.
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