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  • Equipment designed to make temporary pores in cell plasma membranes by applying an appropriate (usually several hundred volts) external voltage (i.e., electric potential) that is higher than the dielectric strength of the membrane, allowing extracellular compounds foreign genes (e.g., plasmids - extra-chromosomal self-replicating structures carrying genes) and/or protein material to penetrate into the cell while the membrane is porous. Laboratory electroporators typically consist of a generator that delivers electric current to electrodes placed inside cuvettes and a solution containing the cells (e.g., bacteria cells). Plasmids are introduced into the cuvette, and the electric voltage is applied to the electrodes. After the electroporation procedure, the cells are incubated to produce new cells, which include the reproduced plasmids. Dedicated electroporators for laboratory transfection of DNA into mammalian cells and/or the transformation of cells into bacteria/yeast and other devices intended for in vivo introduction of genes into cells (e.g., through the skin) during gene therapy and/or tumor treatment are also available.
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