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  • Ophthalmic refractors designed for automated detection and measuring of the refractive error by measuring the change in the light reflex from the eye to find the best focus on the retina over a variety of meridians. There are different types of automatic refractors, frequently consisting of light sources (LEDs), beam splitters mounted in a rotating drum or in a pin-hole mechanism (Scheiner\'s refractors); Badal lens systems which consist of a light sensor or photodetector, a computer controlled mechanism to detect the change of light reflection from the eye, and a digital display for the refraction data. Usually, the lens system or the light sources are moved to make the optimal focus on the eyes. Other refractors using retinoscopic scanning method are available; they consist of light sources, a slit mechanism, lenses, and a photodetector for measuring the movement of the light reflex (e.g., speed, motion) from the eye. Automated refractors are used mainly for lens fitting; they are frequently combined with keratometers, tonometers, and/or pachymeters in a single measuring device.
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