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Imageless stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of a variety of minimally invasive surgical procedures using a navigation system that is not guided by images (i.e., imageless) but by registering and tracking appropriate anatomic reference points (i.e., landmarks). Multipurpose imageless systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments relative to the patient\'s anatomy and are similar to the systems that use image-guiding. These systems also provide surgical guidance without the need for pre- or intra-operative image acquisition, though registration is still necessary. Navigation is achieved by selecting specific anatomical parts or bone-implanted tracker pins intra-operatively as landmarks and using a reference pointer to create a reference frame for the computer model. Multipurpose imageless stereotactic systems may be used in orthopedic, thoracic, abdominal, and other applications.
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