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Solid-state lasers with a rod of sapphire (Al2O3,) crystal doped with titanium (Ti) ions as the active medium. Their typical emission wavelength is in the range from 650 to 1,100 nanometers (i.e., in the red and near-infrared spectrum). These lasers are usually operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes; ultrashort pulses (in the range of the femtoseconds) using passive mode locking can be also generated. Ti:sapphire laser clinical applications are mainly intended for research but may be also used to perform ophthalmic procedures.
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