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  • Osmometers designed for in-vitro determination of the osmotic pressure of a tear film. These instruments consist of a handheld sampler that absorbs by capillarity a tiny sample (in the order of nanoliters) of tears from the eye. The sampler also includes a microchip and electrodes that permit measurement of the electrical impedance of the tear film, as well as a central portable unit that process the data from the sampler and displays the osmolarity (or osmolality) value. The electrical impedance depends on the composition and concentration of the ions in the tear film, so any changes in the impedance when compared with a standard solution of normal tear can be correlated with the osmolarity of the tear film under test. An abnormal value of the tear film osmolarity may help in the determination of some eye conditions; the test may facilitate the diagnosis of dry eyes and/or other eye diseases. Tests for tear osmolarity may be also performed using freezing point and/or vapor pressure osmometers, but the size of the sample required and/or the volume of the equipment needed limit the use only for research.
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