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  • Osmometers designed for in-vitro determination of a solution\'s osmotic pressure (i.e., osmolality), a variable related to the ion concentration in the solution, by measuring its electrical impedance. These instruments typically consist of a sample chamber where the solution is placed and an electric impedance meter with appropriate electrodes that are immersed in the solution. The electrical impedance depends on the composition and concentration of the ions within the solution, so any changes in the impedance when compared with a standard solution can be correlated with the osmolality and/or osmolarity of the solution under test. For example, an abnormal ratio between the osmolality in urine and serum may indicate renal disease, diabetes insipidus, or secretion of abnormal levels of antidiuretic hormone; water and electrolyte imbalances also occur in patients with acute poisoning and shock trauma. Dedicated impedance osmometers used to determine the osmolarity of a tear film are also available.
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