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Simulators designed for training on various surgical procedures (e.g., incision, biopsy, suturing, laparoscopy, arthroscopy). Surgical training simulators usually consist of human anatomic models that may simulate the whole body (i.e., manikins) or parts of the physical anatomy in normal and/or disease states. The simulators include surgical instruments, supplies, and other devices needed to simulate the intended procedure. Typically, the manikins and anatomic models feature simulated parts of the anatomy (made from foams, hard and soft plastics, and other materials) and that are typically mounted on a table. They house a system of guide wires or other sensors that can detect motion of the surgical instruments being used on them. Most surgical simulators are computerized and include a central unit with appropriate software. They use sensors to transmit signals to a computer which uses a dedicated software to display feedback to the surgeon on a computer monitor and/or show a virtual image (usually taken from procedures on actual patients) on the monitor according to how the instruments are being manipulated. Some computerized surgical training simulators include ultrasonic or fluoroscopic guidance interfaces to simulate surgical procedures that are normally performed using these technologies. The computer software used is specific to the surgical procedures that are being learned, and can simulate different scenarios that may be encountered during actual surgery and provide feedback on patient discomfort, 3-D maps, and problems of surgical technique. Surgical training simulators are used to provide surgical trainees with a visual and haptic (touch sensation) practice platform to acquire the skills they need to work on actual patients.
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