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  • Leads designed to conduct electrical pacing signals from the pulse generating unit of an external cardiac pacemaker into the heart; some leads may also transmit the bioelectric cardiac signals back to the unit. These leads typically consist of flexible wires that are completely isolated except at the electrode tip. Pacemaker leads are configured according to the pacemaker characteristics and/or the technique used for signal delivery to the heart. Leads used with external pacemakers may be either invasive (typically transvenous or transesophageal); non-invasive which applies the electrodes to the chest (i.e., transcutaneous); or attached directly to the myocardium in open surgery procedures. A variety of lead systems, including single- and multiple-lead, subcutaneous array, and patch is available. Lead size, connector type, and other characteristics of the leads must be compatible with the pulse generator and the therapy prescribed. External cardiac pacemaker leads are used in temporary procedures (e.g., surgery, emergency, electrophysiology studies).
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