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  • Physiologic monitoring systems designed for continuous assessment of the cardiovascular system (CVS) including blood flow and pressures on the heart chambers and main arteries and veins; they also determine the response of the CVS to tissue oxygen demands (i.e., perfusion). These systems typically include instruments and sensors to obtain data of the parameters and a monitor to display the data and/or waveforms needed for the assessment. The main parameters measured include electrocardiographic data and waveform, blood pressure, cardiac output, central venous pressure, temperature, peripheral venous oxygen saturation, and blood gas analysis. Other parameters may be measured according to the patient status. Hemodynamic monitoring systems include two main types: (1) systems that include invasive measurements (typically pulmonary artery catheters) and (2) systems that use non or minimally invasive techniques. Hemodynamic systems are mainly used in unstable critically ill patients.
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