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  • Instruments designed for simultaneous determination of (1) the relative amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and HHb, respectively) by measuring light absorbance changes resulting from arterial blood flow pulsations and displaying the results as percent saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2) and (2) the percentages of total hemoglobin concentration (SpHb) and blood levels of hemoglobin derivates (co-oximetry) such as methemoglobin (blood with oxidized hemoglobin, SpMet) and carboxyhemoglobin (blood with carbon monoxide content, SpCO). The instruments usually can also measure pulse rate. Pulse oximeters/co-oximeters are portable devices that include visible and infrared light sources (typically LEDs from 500 to 1,000 nm), photodetectors, a display, and attached probes that transmit light through a pulsating arterial bed, such as the finger tip, or earlobe. Pulse oximeters/cooximeters are used for continuous measuring of blood hemoglobin and its changes in emergency, peri-operative, at the point of care, especially for trauma related hemorrhagic anemia.
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