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  • A Chinese medicine composed of bioactive composite extracted from Periplaneta americana consisting of adenosine, inosine, protocatechuic acid, and pyroglutamate dipeptides, with potential cardioprotective activity. Upon administration, xinmailong may inhibit the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (MAPK3/ERK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)/ERK2, AKT, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3-beta), thereby decreasing the expression of transcription factor GATA-4. GATA-4 is a key regulator of cardiac hypertrophy, mediating gene expressions in response to heart failure (HF) stimuli by activating a variety of HF-associated genes, such as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC). Decreased expression of GATA-4 may limit the transcription of these genes and offer protection against certain types of HF.
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