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  • Substances used as alternatives to autologous bone grafts (i.e., bone autografts) in various orthopedic procedures such as filling of bone voids, arthrodesis (i.e., bone joint fusion), repair of bone fractures, or healing of bone surrounding implanted devices (e.g., knee/hip prostheses, bone screws). Depending on the type of bone repair procedure in which they are used, some of these bone graft substitutes may be used in combination with autologous bone grafts (i.e., as bone graft extenders) rather than as standalone autograft replacements. Bone graft substitutes are intended to promote bone formation through osteogenic, osteoconductive, and/or osteoinductive means. They may be composed of biological materials (i.e., allografts, xenografts), synthetic materials, or various combinations of these materials. Bone graft substitutes that contain viable osteogenic cells (i.e., cell-based) bone graft substitutes and non-cell-based bone graft substitutes are available.
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