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Bone graft substitutes that include among their components a population of viable osteogenic cells, which are typically supplied in combination with a bioresorbable scaffold. Viable cell populations consist of cell types (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitor cells) that may be isolated from one or more allogeneic sources such as adipose tissue or bone marrow/cancellous bone. These osteogenic cells have the potential to differentiate into bone-forming cells and/or produce growth factors that promote recruitment and/or proliferation of bone-forming cells. The bone scaffold component of these bone graft substitutes typically consists of one or more allogeneic bone-derived products (e.g., demineralized bone matrix, cancellous/cortical bone chips).
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