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?:abstract
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Introduction Studies have reported conflicting results regarding the effect of smoking on outcome in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, but the results have been conflicting In this meta-analysis, we systematically examined the association between smoking and mortality in COVID-19 Methods PubMed database was searched to look for relevant articles Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) cohort studies or case series studies;(2) study population included individuals with a confirmed COVID-19 infection;(3) the status of smoking was reported, regardless if it was current or in the past;and (4) mortality among smokers was reported in the study or could be calculated and compared to non-smokers Mortality rates were pooled using a random effects model Risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were also calculated using the same model Another meta-analysis was then performed to assess the difference in mortality between current and former smokers Results Ten studies with a total of 11,189 patients were included Mortality among smokers was 29 4% compared to 17 0% among non-smokers RR was 2 07 (95% CI: 1 59, 2 69) Based on analysis of four studies (532 patients), there was no difference in mortality risk between current and former smokers (RR: 1 03;95% CI: 0 75, 1 40) Conclusions Smoking, current or past, is associated with higher mortality in COVID-19 patients Mortality among current smokers was about 50% greater than former smokers, but the difference was not statistically significant
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