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CF test results must be interpreted in light of the horse’s EHV vaccination history, as vaccination will stimulate CF antibody if administered in the preceding few months † Ensure sample is run alongside the acute serological sample (results can only be properly compared if paired bloods are run on the same test on the same day) Additional testing may include analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (EHV-1 PCR and viral isolation) and postmortem examination (gross analysis, histology, EHV-1 PCR and immunofluorescence) [ ]these data do not necessarily reflect true disease frequency in the UK equine population Results of virological testing Samples tested (n) Positive (n) CLs (n) Serological tests Reproductive/systemic diseases EVA ELISA 1726 7* 8 EVA VN 225 6* 2 EVA VN APHA 873 15* 1 EIA ELISA 603 0 7 EIA Coggins 79 0 3 EIA Coggins APHA 1580 0 1 EIA ELISA APHA 6 0 1 Reproductive/respiratory/neurological diseases EHV-1/4 CFT 330 22† 1 Respiratory diseases ERV-A/B CFT 147 1† 1 Influenza HI 319 0 1 Gastrointestinal diseases Rotavirus ELISA 10 1 2 Neurological diseases WNV cELISA APHA 2 0 1 WNV IgM ELISA APHA 1 0 1 Virus detection Reproductive diseases EVA VI/PCR APHA 3 0 1 Reproductive/respiratory/neurological diseases EHV-1 PCR 521 3 5 EHV-1 VI 25 3 1 EHV-4 PCR 521 21 5 EHV-4 VI 25 6 1 Respiratory diseases EHV-2 PCR 21 2 2 EHV-5 PCR 22 1 2 ERV PCR 10 0 1 Influenza PCR 1157 3 5 Influenza PCR APHA 169 0 1 Influenza VI in eggs§ 3 3 1 Gastrointestinal diseases Coronavirus PCR 51 2 1 Rotavirus PCR 1 0 1 * Seropositives include vaccinated stallions † Diagnosed positive on the basis of seroconversion between paired sera § VI in eggs performed for surveillance research CFT Complement fixation test, CLs Contributing laboratories, EHV Equine herpesvirus, EIA Equine infectious anaemia, ERV Equine rhinovirus, EVA Equine viral arteritis, HI Haemagglutination inhibition, VI Virus isolation, VN Virus neutralisation, WNV West Nile virusTable B: Results of bacteriological testing Samples tested (n) Positive (n) CLs (n) Reproductive diseases CEMO PCR BEVA 427 0 10 CEMO culture BEVA 1008 0 17 CEMO PCR APHA 8 0 1 CEMO culture APHA 1708 0 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae PCR* 301 2 10 K pneumoniae culture* 1154 0 18 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PCR* 293 0 9 P aeruginosa culture* 1154 5 18 Respiratory diseases Streptococcus equi PCR 1519 62 6 S equi LAMP 18 1 1 S equi culture 515 18 11 S equi ELISA 4426 371 4 Rhodococcus equi culture 5 1 1 R equi PCR 19 1 1 R equi immunochromatography 12 9 1 Gastrointestinal diseases Clostridium perfringens∞ 269 9 4 Clostridium difficile∞ 273 8 6 Lawsonia intracellularis PCR** 141 24 3 L intracellularis IPMA 159 821 2 Salmonella species culture¶ 446 10 10 Salmonella species PCR¶ 74 2 3 Salmonella species APHA¶ 18 16 1 Miscellaneous diseases MRSA 315 2 6 Borrelia burgdorferi ELISA 9 0 1 Burkholderia mallei CFT APHA 1002 0 1 * Reproductive tract samples only ∞ Toxin by ELISA, immunochromatography or PCR ** Identified using culture/PCR applied to faeces 1 Seropositives include vaccinated animals ¶ Under the Zoonoses Order 1989, it is a statutory requirement to report and serotype positive cases for Salmonella species (a positive case may have repeat samples taken) BEVA British Equine Veterinary Association, CEMO Contagious equine metritis organism, CFT Complement fixation test, CLs Contributing laboratories, IPMA Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, LAMP Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, MRSA Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusTable C:
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