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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic has severely impacted lives across the globe Respiratory disorders in COVID-19 patients are caused by lung opacities similar to viral pneumonia A Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) system for the detection of COVID-19 using chest radiographs would provide a second opinion for radiologists For this research, we utilize publicly available datasets that have been marked by radiologists into two-classes (COVID-19 and non-COVID-19) We address the class imbalance problem associated with the training dataset by proposing a novel transfer-to-transfer learning approach, where we break a highly imbalanced training dataset into a group of balanced mini-sets and apply transfer learning between these We demonstrate the efficacy of the method using well-established deep convolutional neural networks Our proposed training mechanism is more robust to limited training data and class imbalance We study the performance of our algorithm(s) based on 10-fold cross validation and two hold-out validation experiments to demonstrate its efficacy We achieved an overall sensitivity of 0 94 for the hold-out validation experiments containing 2265 and 2139 marked as COVID-19 chest radiographs, respectively For the 10-fold cross validation experiment, we achieve an overall Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) value of 0 996 for COVID-19 detection This paper serves as a proof-of-concept that an automated detection approach can be developed with a limited set of COVID-19 images, and in areas with scarcity of trained radiologists
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Transfer-to-Transfer Learning Approach for Computer Aided Detection of COVID-19 in Chest Radiographs
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