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?:abstract
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While inhibition of T cell co-inhibitory receptors has revolutionized cancer therapy, the mechanisms governing their expression on human T cells have not been elucidated Type 1 interferon (IFN-I) modulates T cell immunity in viral infection, autoimmunity, and cancer, and may facilitate induction of T cell exhaustion in chronic viral infection 1,2 Here we show that IFN-I regulates co-inhibitory receptors expression on human T cells, inducing PD-1/TIM-3/LAG-3 while surprisingly inhibiting TIGIT expression High-temporal-resolution mRNA profiling of IFN-I responses enabled the construction of dynamic transcriptional regulatory networks uncovering three temporal transcriptional waves Perturbation of key transcription factors on human primary T cells revealed both canonical and non-canonical IFN-I transcriptional regulators, and identified unique regulators that control expression of co-inhibitory receptors To provide direct in vivo evidence for the role of IFN-I on co-inhibitory receptors, we then performed single cell RNA-sequencing in subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2, where viral load was strongly associated with T cell IFN-I signatures We found that the dynamic IFN-I response in vitro closely mirrored T cell features with acute IFN-I linked viral infection, with high LAG3 and decreased TIGIT expression Finally, our gene regulatory network identified SP140 as a key regulator for differential LAG3 and TIGIT expression The construction of co-inhibitory regulatory networks induced by IFN-I with identification of unique transcription factors controlling their expression may provide targets for enhancement of immunotherapy in cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity
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