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?:abstract
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gains access to host cells by attaching to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Vitamin D (VitD) can up-regulate ACE2 and has an antagonistic effect on Renin, which exert vasodilatation and anti-inflammatory effect against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, it may also facilitate viral entry by increasing ACE2 as main SARS-CoV-2receptor and mediates ROS production through NADPH oxidase, as a double-edged sword effect. Lung function and the immune system are also influenced by VitD through several mechanisms, including increased natural antibiotics (Defensin and Cathelicidin) and up-regulated TGFβ. Higher IgA, Th2/Th1 ratio, and T-regulatory cells are attributable to VitD effects on the immune cells, while these changes may also be a double-edged sword in COVID-19. Although VitD supplementation might be highly recommended in COVID-19, the administration\'s dosage and route could be challenging. Further, this issue has not been mentioned in the various studies so far. So, the report aimed to explain the current challenges with application of VitD in COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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